New Book Cooking

Can you make out the following words?

This is the title to the next book that I am currently working on. I have intentionally chosen a rather cryptic font for the chapter titles to reinforce the idea of its content. Not to worry, the rest of the text will be normal and readable.

Somehow, it brought to mind the recent Marvel blockbuster, Shang-Chi, which critics initially deemed to be a failure due to the anti-Sino sentiments which past Hollywood movies tend to portray. But Chinese kung-fu has a kind of attraction that is irresistible, and now coupled with cinematic effects makes it all the more appealing to the viewers of this ancient martial art form. It reminds me of the Hong Kong comic series Dragon-Tiger Gate that I grew up reading, which brought back a sense of nostalgia:

Hopefully, when this new book is released (not any time soon), readers will catch a glimpse of its aura in my writings. As I always believe, engineering books should not be dry or boring; rather, they should be engaging in a way to fire the passion and imagination of the readers, so that the learning journey is both enjoyable and enriching.

For those who have read my books, I welcome your comments and thoughts.

What Makes A Great Engineer?

Not everyone is born with a high IQ, and those who do may not possess a good EQ to augment their inborn advantage. That's why geniuses like Leonardo Da Vinci and Nikola Tesla are such rare breed who were born ahead of their times.

What distinguishes a great engineer from a good engineer is not how much knowledge he gained in the classroom, but how much experience he acquired in the course of his career. Not that he never fail or suffer setbacks but rather, he never calls it quit in the face of difficulties. It's the courage to confront and overcome a problem that sets him apart from the rest of the pack. If I may put it aptly:

Great engineers are crafted in the baptism of fire. Those who opt for the easy way out either sabotaged their latent potentials or do not have what it takes to be one.

Do you have what it takes to be a great engineer?

A Blast from the Past

How time flies! It's been 35 years since my first overseas training at Grumman Aerospace Corporation (GAC) in Long Island, New York. I was part of the pioneer team responsible for bay repair of the now decommissioned E-2C early-warning surveillance aircraft. During the six month stint there, I was introduced to the concept of automated test equipment (ATE), learning how to operate and maintain two sophisticated test equipment designed by GAC (now Northrop-Grumman) to service the avionics of four E-2Cs purchased by the RSAF.

Posting for photo shoot with the CAT-IIID with the ATE team's instructors, Kevin Campbell (left) and Frank Lockwood, Jr. Wonder if they're still around...

And here is the coveted certificate:

Well, I didn't display it at my work desk in my previous company of 25 years, and now that I'm into full-time writing, it is locked away in a cabinet along with the rest of my other ATE certifications. I had dreamed of putting my knowledge on these machine marvels into four volumes, but now it seems that will only remain a dream and I will take all that I've learned to my grave...

Layout Diagram (Fast Track)

Microsoft Visio is such a piece of versatile 2D drafting tool it's not difficult to create complex illustrations and diagrams using simple geometric shapes. Take for example the Gigabyte GeForce 8600GT graphics card featured in Manual PCB-RE: The Essentials:

At one glance, it seems impossible but if you were to go through Chapter 5 of the book, you will be given a fast track into how such a complicated PCB layout diagram can be created. Well not effortlessly but certainly not difficult either.

But if you are the type that needs to be held by the hand and taught step-by-step, then I would suggest getting The Art of PCB Reverse Engineering, where you will literally go through a detailed exercise in creating a SCSI host adapter card, complete with the mechanical fittings.

Don't take my word for it; you've got to really hands on to believe it. Click on the titles of the books to go to Amazon and start drawing some amazing stuff with Microsoft Visio!

The Chameleon

What has a chameleon got to go with PCB-RE? Observant readers will notice that a colorful chameleon is featured on the bottom right side of my fourth book, Manual PCB-RE: The Essentials:

The chameleon is an interesting species of the reptilian family. Besides its ability to change skin color to match the surrounding environment, it has a pair of pinhole–sized eyes that can pivot and focus independently, allowing it to observe two different objects simultaneously with a 360-degree arc of vision around its body. It also possesses a sticky long tongue over twice its body length that enables it to catch its prey at a distance with precision and speed.

Similarly, a PCB-RE engineer must possess the ability to adapt to different types of PCB technology, with eyes for expansive and miniscule details, as well as the resourcefulness to grow beyond present limits with each project undertaking. In other words——be like the Chameleon!

This fourth and final book on PCB-RE gives you all the essentials on how to master the manual method of PCB reverse engineering. Using a Gigabyte GeForce 8600GT as a teaching aid, readers are introduced to several technologies involved in the design of today's graphics card, from the PCI-e bus, PWM controller chips, RGB-DVI video interfaces, dual data rate (DDR2) memories, to Nvidia's  illusive G84 series GPU and proprietary SLI bus, as well as HDCP ROM and GPU BIOS Flash——all within one single book!

So if you want a fast-lane, no-frills introduction to these interesting topics (besides picking up one of the ultimate methodology I developed over 15 years of doing PCB-RE), then grab a copy of the book by clicking on the front cover above to order. Joe Grand's endorsement is your surest guarantee!

Princess Engineer

People have a notion that engineering is a guys' thing, so whenever a young woman takes up this trade, whether it's electronics, mechanical, power, civil, etc., it seems to raise an eyebrow with an 'are you serious?' kind of expression. Truth is, in my thirty over years as an electronics engineer, I have seen many women working on test benches than I could care to count, from my air force days to the last company that I worked in.

So what is it about engineering that attracts women, apart from the fact that some people are the handy type who like to work or create things with their hands? I remember there was one time while I was dismantling an airborne electronic module with many screws, carefully laying out the parts and bolts on a work bench, when a lady programmer who was quietly watching me remarked, "I just love to watch men at work taking things apart. It's just so... man!"

Well, I don't know if I can say the same if I were to watch a woman does the same thing, though. "Err... you know, watching you taking things apart is such a... beautiful thing!" Better not risk myself getting whammed on the head with a size 32 spanner!

Anyway, if you're a lady engineer who happens to read this post, I would love to hear your take on this. Who knows, it may just inspire me to write a book (grin!)

PCB-RE in Forensic Investigation

Chip-Off forensics using JTAG in data recovery is an increasingly essential and important aspect of investigative work to support judicial evidence in a post-modern, fast-changing landscape of mobile-invasive lifestyle. This topic is featured in PCB-RE: Tools & Techniques by one of the leading renown instructor in this 'dark art', Bob Elder, who is also the CEO in-charge of operations for Teel Technologies, Canada.

Participants who enrolled for the Embedded Hardware Acquisition & Analysis Training are given a special bonus: The Art of PCB Reverse Engineering and PCB-RE: Tools & Techniques. Readers interested to find out more about the courses can go to this LINK.

Of course, you can order a copy of my sequel book to catch a glimpse of what Chip-off forensics is all about from the man himself who contributed that chapter. Just click on the book titles above to preview and place your order.

Interest and Query

Since announcing my fourth book, Manual PCB-RE: The Essentials on various social media platforms, there has been quite some interests generated over the series of PCB-RE books I've written. An engineer by the name Pedro Ribeiro emailed me:

Your books look amazing, but I wanted to ask your advice for which one should I get first.

I'm a software reverse engineer and ethical hacker and I'm specializing in attacking embedded systems. One of the first steps in attacking these systems is to identify serial or JTAG connections in order to obtain root access to them. However sometimes the JTAG/serial lines are cut after the device leaves the factory and need to be shorted, restored, a resistor needs to be added etc.

As you can see this is the kind of issue I face frequently which doesn't require a very deep understanding of PCB reverse engineering.

For this simple use case, which of your books do you recommend to get started? 

I'm sure other people would benefit if you put an explanation of what each book is and what is the intended audience in your blog! It's a bit confusing to try to understand what are the differences between each of the books.

Thanks in advance!

My reply:

Nice to hear from you and I’m happy to answer your query. 

I did a short write-up on the first three books in my blog. You can find it at this link.

The Art of PCB Reverse Engineering is for beginners who wants to learn how to document their manual approach in doing PCB-RE. There are two editions of the book, a full-color and a black-and-white.

PCB-RE: Tools & Techniques is for those who want a more complete treatment of the PCB-RE subject. It features contributing engineers who shared their experiences using different equipment and methodologies.

PCB-RE: Real-World Examples is for those who want to learn how engineers apply PCB-RE in real life scenarios. There is a chapter by Juan Carlos Jiménez on firmware hacking which should be useful to you.

Based on your interest and work, this is the book to get.

Manual PCB-RE: The Essentials is a more in-depth look at the manual method using a commercial PCB. This is for those who wants a no-frills guide to doing real-world manual PCB-RE.

Hope the above information helps.

Joe Grand's Foreword

After three months of waiting, Joe Grand's Foreword to my book, Manual PCB-RE: The Essentials is finally done and incorporated. Here's the announcement from the 'kingpin' himself in his Grand Idea Studio website:

They say you shouldn't judge a book by its cover. But I'm sure you can be confident about the content of a book by the kind of person who endorsed it!

Good Grief...!!!

There are novice engineers out there who have such unrealistic perceptions about PCB-RE and hardware design it really makes one wonder if they got their fundamentals right about electronics. Just yesterday, I received an email from someone (I won't put his name to save him the embarrassment) asking about reverse engineering and copyright infringement. A sleuth of exchanges ensued until I realize it's going nowhere and have to put a stop to it:

X: Is it possible to reverse engineer circuit boards to avoid patent infringement? For example to produce a device that does the same thing but is structured differently? Is it easy? For example is there a computer program that can rework a circuit board? 

Me: Reverse engineering circuit boards to learn how a product works for personal knowledge should not infringe on patents. Neither if it’s done to help in daily repair work, for personal use. But if it’s to produce a competitive product, then it’s subject to the other party’s legal jurisdictions. Whether reverse engineering is easy or not depends on the nature of the PCB. Of course, experience and skill play a part. There is no software-only solution to reversing circuit boards. You’ll need a hardware-software combo to do the job, either semi- or fully automated.

X: I want to reengineer products already available in the market. Is it possible to take a PCB and make it different but to do the same thing with different components, by using software that will give a combination of components that do the same thing?

Me: I’m not sure what you mean by ‘using software that will give a combination of components that do the same thing.’ Are you referring to simulation software? Like I say, reengineering existing products has its grey area and is subject to legal jurisdiction from rival companies. You need to tread carefully.

X: Basically taking a rival company. Taking their product, making a PCB schema from their circuit board, plugging it into software, pressing a button and have a new schema that does the same thing except with a different schema. Is that possible?

Me: No.

X: So how do they do it when they take rival products? 

Me: There is no such thing as a magical software that thinks, analyzes and designs an alternative circuit based on an existing one. If there is, all design engineers will be out of job. And it’s impossible anyway, so stop looking for an easy way out. All well-designed products are carefully thought out and implemented using a baseline that undergoes multiple refinements. That’s why it takes a team of hardware and firmware engineers to work together.

Consider this thread close as further discussion on this matter is futile. Thanks!

As good O' Charlie Brown would say, "Good grief...!!!" I rest my case...

Olympics Fever

The Tokyo Olympics 2020 finally went full swing after a one-year delay due to the global pandemic. We're into the second week of this international sports event and the Olympics fever has hit a high pitch as medals are snatched up in the various sports categories.

Only the fastest, strongest and most determined and disciplined sportsmen and sportswomen will attain the highest glory and honor in their fields of expertise and professionalism. It is the same in every engineering field, including PCB-RE, one of the hardest to master yet the most rewarding niche skill any engineer can ever dream of acquiring.

Look no further if you are one of those looking to make a splash in the engineering Olympics pool, or leave a blazing trail on the tracks of the Olympics circuit stadium. Below are all the resources you'll ever need to get you started on the road to glory:

    

Click on the images to go to the Amazon online bookstore to preview and order your copies. Catch the Olympics fever while it is still burning bright!

Distraction, Diversion...

In the midst of this worldwide pandemic, where social restrictions can put a toll on everyday life, people are getting stressed up handling work and family pressures at the same time, while working from home. As an author, I too feel the same sentiments and that can lead to writer's block that stamps out inspiration to write on a particular topic. I desperately needed a distraction or some kind of diversion.

Being the artistic type, I figured it would be good to immerse in a little design activity instead of just typing all day long on the keyboard, when my brain could not produce any meaningful narrative at the moment. So after the first attempt followed by a few refinements later, here it is:

I like drawing and designing a lot, which is why Visio is a life-saver and a delight to use. Of course, designing book covers is also one of the favorite part in my present writing endeavor. Hopefully, this book will materialize one day...

Amazon Ranking

Slightly over two weeks into its release, my fourth PCB-RE book has attained No. 1 New Release status in the Industrial Technology category:

There is really nothing to shout about as the real test is whether it can achieve a good Best Seller Ranking, which it currently is at 293,187 place for all books category. So, though it's nice to know that there is some semblance of success for my hard work, it's still too early to be elated.

My hope is that there will be good support from readers who show appreciation through honest purchase. It will not only be a strong affirmation for all the efforts I put in, but also a boost for the charities which I have in mind to contribute my royalty earnings to.

So grab a copy today and know that you're doing a kind deed in the process.

Setting Up A Workbench

Setting up an electronic lab like a commercial repair house is certainly out of the question unless you're prepared to fork out a fortune. But if you're thinking of doing PCB diagnostics on your own, you'll need a good set of basic but essential equipment:

• Digital Multimeter (DMM)
• SMD LCR Meter
• Adjustable Power Supplies
• Function Generator
• Mixed Signal Oscilloscope
• Multi-Protocol Adapter
• Universal Device Programmer
• Digital Microscope
• Soldering & Rework Station
• Hand Tools
• Anti-Static Mat & Wrist Strap

I reckon that most engineers will have at least 6-7 out of 11 of the above listed items, and the most meticulous ones will have all of them and more. There is no hard and fast rules to what type of models to procure but try not to go for the cheap ones with minimal functionalities if you can afford it. Good and reliable equipment will last longer and make your work a tat easier and more enjoyable, instead of unnecessary frustrations that may result in wrong diagnosis or wasted time and effort. Of course, you are expected to know how to use these tools and if you can utilize their full potentials, the better you will be at solving PCB defects.

Note:

The suggested list is meant for freelance engineers with their own workbenches. In my book, you will be introduced to other mid and high-end equipment used by repair centers for automated and more comprehensive testing. These are certainly out of reach of most self-employed engineers, but it is still advantageous to be aware and have some ideas how they operate. You never know when you may have the opportunity to work with them!

Email from the Danube

This morning, I was notified of an incoming email with the following message:

I found your books through the "Unnamed Reverse Engineering Podcast" and have to admit, that I first got a PDF off the internet on Saturday night, but after the first 30 pages, I quickly bought all your books, as I am totally stoked to get into hardware reverse engineering.

I am so glad I found your books and wanted to thank you for your work! Unfortunately, the Amazon package that arrived today did not contain the promised book but an HDMI adapter, guess I have to wait till Wednesday now for the replacement :-D

But thank you in advance and is there a mailing list or something to get notified when your fourth book arrives? As I also want to buy that.

So anyhow, I wish you all the best and will send a picture as soon as the trilogy arrives :-D

Now, I am aware that my books are available on some rogue websites that steal the hard work of book authors like myself. This is evident from the declining sales for the past few months. Frankly, there is nothing I can do about it. I'm not the only one who suffers the loss of income; the charities that I supported with part of my earnings bear the grunt as well. I had kept up with the donations despite the poor sales but had to painfully cut back to just one charity organization, the one that I have been supporting for the past 30 years. I'm sharing this just so my readers who honestly purchase my books know that they too are doing a good cause, and for those who obtained illegal copies at my expense that you have not only wrong me but many fellow humans who depended on the generosity of kind people.

This person had done the right thing which any human with a conscience would do. He is German, I suppose, from the email attachment provided. Every country has its dark history but that does not mean all the people there are bad or lack integrity. We cannot decide where we're born or the environment we're in, but we can choose to do as much good as we possibly can. There is a Chinese saying, "To come out of the dirty mud and still remain pure." It speaks of the lotus plant but allures to people of exceptional character and qualities even in the midst of dark times. I hope most of my readers are too!

You may be wondering why 'Danube'. Well, it's the second longest river in Europe that passes through the most countries, and has its origin from the Black Forest of Germany. Incidentally, black forest cake is my favorite and the ones made by German hands are the best. So let the best of your self shine in this blackest of times in the current pandemic!

Stay safe and be well, my friends.

Update: I received a photo of the books that this reader has purchased:

Update on New Book (Part 2)

A Holistic Approach

There is no one size fits all approach when it comes to PCB diagnostics; more often than not, it depends on what kind of PCB and failure you're up against. While there may be visible and obvious signs that point you to the source of a problem, such as a burnt or blown component, you shouldn't expect these as the norm. There are engineers who swear by a specific tool or technique that they claim to be as reliable as clockwork, but even that is no guarantee to work every time or fool-proof against any PCB. "Well, it's fine with me so long as I'm comfortable with the method of my choice." Sure. But why limit yourself if there are better and more effective ways to do a job? After all, if you intend to make repairing PCB a lifelong career or passion, it makes sense to learn as much as there is to learn about this trade, to seek continuous improvement and a whole new level of experience. This is what distinguishes a professional from an amateur, or a craftsman from a mere worker.

What I'm advocating in this book is a holistic approach to PCB diagnostics that is based on practical, real-life examples. This includes case studies from my own work experience using various tools and techniques, as well as that of some field engineer friends of mine who are generous enough to share their expertise. There is a Chinese saying, "It is not beyond one's dignity to learn from the wisdom of others." In a company of three we can always find a teacher who can endow new knowledge, or a master who can impart a useful skill. One of the most important trait of a good engineer is a willingness to be open to opportunities of learning to further enhance one's abilities. This is something that cannot be attained in a classroom, but only by emulating other good engineers.

Update on New Book (Part 1)

Am into writing the second chapter of my new book, PCB Diagnostics. Here is a screenshot of the opening chapter:

Nope, this is not a joke. I have intentionally linked PCB diagnostics to the practice of TCM for the human body because I see similarities between the two. I have friends who spent years studying this Chinese medicinal method and got to know firsthand what it entails to be a TCM physician. Inter-disciplinary cross examination can sometimes provide useful insights in our approach towards a familiar practice, and give it a new lease of life where the former luster has somehow faded.

The book will probably take a couple of months to write. I will post updates on the progress in the interim. Hopefully it will be worth the wait for my readers.

PCB Diagnostics

While my fourth and final book on PCB-RE is awaiting Joe Grand's Foreword, I have decided to write on a new topic: PCB Diagnostics. Why 'diagnostics' instead of 'troubleshooting', 'fault-finding' or 'repair'? Well, this word encompasses a much broader sense than the usual, and more accurately conveys what my thirty years of experience entails. Here is the front cover design:

Like PCB-RE, PCB diagnostics is a skill that is developed and refined overtime. Nothing can replace the knowledge and know-how of troubleshooting different types of PCBs. It requires not only hands on experience but in-depth exposure to a wide variety of faults to understand the dynamics involved.

I'm still in the initial phase of organizing my thoughts and materials. Once these are sorted out, I will be able to come out with a draft outline of the chapters to define what I want to write. Hopefully it will not take too long, barring any unforeseen interruption or situation arising.

Draft Copy (Proofing)

I've just completed the draft for my fourth and final book on the PCB-RE topic. Here's a snapshot of the front cover:

A draft copy has been sent to Joe Grand for vetting before he writes the Foreword. Currently, he's busy with an important project so I don't expect to get back from him any time soon. Here's what he has to say, though:

I haven't been able to read through it yet but it looks great! I'm in the middle of a pretty significant project for the next few weeks, and will only be able to focus on writing that Foreword after that.

Readers will probably see the book on Amazon store some time in late April, earliest. So keep a look out for it and check back on my blog for any latest news.

What's in a Label?

Most commercial ICs are labelled with their common part numbers in full on top of their packaging, so it's not too difficult to identify them at first glance. Military parts are a bit more tricky because most of the time they are designated with the 16-digit NSN references beginning with '5962'. This requires additional step of cross referencing to make out what they are.

In the case of NVidia's graphics processing unit (GPU) which is the highlight of my latest PCB-RE related book, I have deciphered the top plate label on this 820-pin monolithic IC:

Bet most readers didn't realize that there is so much information present on this piece of real estate. After all, it's meant for designers and manufacturers and not the casual users of the end product. Of course, you can expect to find even more interesting and valuable information in my upcoming book, which should debut sometime in late March this year.

The good news is it will be priced very affordably so every keen apprentice of this coveted skillset can get a personal copy. Keep a look out for it!

Progress Update (Fourth Book)

Recently, I started working on my fourth book again, Manual PCB-RE: The Essentials, after almost three months of inactivity. I've removed all nine BGA chips onboard, namely the eight DDR2 memory ICs and the main GPU. There were residue solder leftover on the footprints of these ICs but the 30W soldering iron wasn't good enough to do copper braid removal, and I had to order a separate 80W iron with adjustable temperature to do the job. Here is the final result:

In the process of removing the BGA chips and cleaning up, I encountered several issues with the tools and these were mentioned in the new book to help readers learn from my mistakes, and what to look out for when choosing the tools to do the job.

Now that I have these teething issues out of the way, I can resume where I left off in the last chapter. Hopefully, I can get the draft out by end February or latest mid-March, and let Joe Grand go through before penning the Foreword, which he has graciously agreed to.

A Young Apprentice in the Making...

Recently, someone by the name Jason Earle connected with me on LinkedIn to enquire about some reverse engineering work on his company's upcoming product. He is the CEO of MycoLab USA LLC, a company that specializes in air quality testing solution and services. To cut the story short, I helped him assessed a printed circuit board and reproduced a bill of materials (BOM), plus some simple PCB artwork prints as a good gesture.

He asked to reimburse me for my effort but I politely declined, and instead suggested that he get a copy of my book, The Art of PCB Reverse Engineering, to learn how to identify components on a PCB to create his own BOM. After a couple of days, he sent me a photo of himself proudly holding my book (the full-color version), and some time later, with another photo of his son:

I reckoned that little junior must've been attracted by the colors on the book cover, but I'm doubly sure that he will grow up to be a fine young apprentice of this niche skillset in 7-10 years time.

Way to go, young Skywalker! ;)

Bench Test Equipment

PCB-RE is not just about finding the connectivity of a circuit board to recreate its schematic diagram, though that is the primary focus. A lot goes into figuring out circuit topologies and functionalities to arrive at a logical deduction on how the components are related and used to achieve greater accuracy and reliability in the reversing process. Sometimes, it might even be necessary to go down to firmware level to see beyond the physical——into the world of logic programming and fuse mapping——when dealing with embedded designs and black boxes such as CPLDs and FPGAs. It might sound daunting but that's what separates the pros from the amateurs.

So while you only need a digital multimeter as a minimum  when doing manual PCB-RE, it is advantageous to have a few more bench test equipment on hand to help you gather useful data on the PCB you're working on. Three common pieces I can think of are:

• Function generator 
• Digital oscilloscope
• Multi-channel logic analyzer

These benchtop equipment used to be quite expensive and those made by Agilent, LeCroy, Rohde & Schwarz still are. More recently, new players from China such as Rigol and Owon are making a strong presence in the market with their range of affordable benchtop products that are feature-rich and functionally comparable to the big names. 

 

Latest Review from UK

It's been almost five years since my first book The Art of PCB Reverse Engineering was published. Still, I'm happy that there are occasional reviews from international readers who appreciate my work and giving me the much needed endorsement. Here's one from the UK this year:

This book is really informative, the Author really does explain things in detail. I am half-way through getting to grips with the Visio software. I’m looking forward to completing and purchasing the next book in the series.

For readers who have bought and read my books, I would love to hear from you too! Do leave a review and claim your bonuses. There are freebies for this book as well, in case you didn't know.

And if you find my books beneficial and useful, especially for those interested in this niche topic, do help to recommend and spread the word. I don't advertise as I believe part of the modest royalties earned is best devoted to charities, so if you buy my books you are doing a good work as well.

Take care and stay safe, my friends!

PCB-RE Probes

When performing PCB-RE to determine the connectivity between components on a PCB, a pair of sharp probes is essential if not indispensable. Most probes that come with a DMM is usually blunt and bulky, making it difficult to probe fine-pitch IC leads and SMD component pads. Working in the PCB testing lab, there is no shortage of spring-loaded probes of all tip types and sizes, so I would convert some of these and insert them as extension on my DMM's existing probes. It worked pretty well except that you need to DIY and custom-build them to your purpose.

With online shopping gaining popularity and many Chinese electronics companies joining the fray, you can find all sorts of PCB gadgetry and equipment at a fraction of the price, compared to the more branded ones in the industry. Recently, I bought a pair of sharp-tip probes online for less than five bucks:

It arrived in about two weeks time and I put it to the test. The quality is good and the gold-plated (or is it bronze?) sharp tips worked surprisingly well on the Gigabyte video card I was reversing on. Except that it's not spring-loaded like the test probes I used in my former lab.

Anyway, can't complain too much for that price and quality.